爱迪生的生平简介（英文）

爱迪生的生平简介（英文）

Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman who developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph and a long lasting light bulb. Dubbed "The Wizard of Menlo Park" by a newspaper reporter, he was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production to the process of invention, and therefore is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory.

　　Edison is considered one of the most prolific inventors in history, holding 1,093 U.S. patents in his name, as well as many patents in the United Kingdom, France and Germany.

　　Thomas Edison was born in Milan, Ohio and was raised in Port Huron, Michigan. He was the seventh and last child of Samuel Ogden Edison, Jr. (1804–1896) (born in Marshalltown, Nova Scotia, Canada) and Nancy Matthews Edison nee Elliott (1810–1871). His family was of Dutch origin.

　　In school, the young Edison's mind often wandered, and his teacher the Reverend Engle was overheard calling him "addled." This ended Edison's three months of official schooling. He recalled later, "My mother was the making of me. She was so true, so sure of me; and I felt I had something to live for, someone I must not disappoint." His mother then home schooled him.Much of his education came from reading R.G. Parker's School of Natural Philosophy.

　　The cause of Edison's deafness has been attributed to a bout of scarlet fever during childhood and recurring untreated middle ear infections. Edison around the middle of his career attributed the hearing loss to being struck on the ears by a train conductor when his chemical lab in a boxcar caught fire. In his later years he modified the story to say the injury occurred when the conductor, in helping him onto a moving train, lifted him by the ears.

　　Edison's family was forced to move to Port Huron, Michigan when the railroad bypassed Milan in 1854, but his life there was bittersweet. This began Edison's long streak of entrepreneurial ventures as he discovered his talents as a businessman. These talents would eventually lead him to found General Electric, which is still a publicly traded company, and 13 other companies. He sold candy and newspapers on trains running from Port Huron to Detroit, as well as vegetables that he sold to supplement his income.

　　Edison became a telegraph operator after he saved three-year-old Jimmie MacKenzie from being struck by a runaway train. Jimmie's father, station agent J.U. MacKenzie of Mount Clemens, Michigan, was so grateful that he trained Edison as a telegraph operator. Edison's first telegraphy job away from Port Huron was at Stratford Junction, Ontario on the Grand Trunk Railway.In 1866, at the age of 19, Thomas Edison moved to Louisville, Kentucky as an employee of Western Union working the Associated Press Bureau news wire. Edison requested the night shift at work which allowed him plenty of time to spend at his two favorite pastimes -- reading and experimenting. However, it was the latter that eventually cost him his job. One night in 1867, he was working with a battery when he spilled sulphuric acid onto the floor. It ran between the floorboards and onto his boss' desk below. The next morning he was fired.

　　Thomas Edison began his career as an inventor in Newark, New Jersey, with the automatic repeater and his other improved telegraphic devices, but the invention which first gained him fame was the phonograph in 1877. This accomplishment was so unexpected by the public at large as to appear almost magical. Edison became known as "The Wizard of Menlo Park," New Jersey, where he lived. His first phonograph recorded on tinfoil around a grooved cylinder and had poor sound quality. The tinfoil recordings could only be replayed a few times. In the 1880s, a redesigned model using wax-coated cardboard cylinders was produced by Alexander Graham Bell, Chichester Bell, and Charles Tainter. This was one reason that Thomas Edison continued work on his own "Perfected Phonograph."

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　　Thomas Edison
　　Thomas Edison was a famous American scientist. He was born in 1847. When he was a child, he liked to find out how things worked. He was in school for only three months. He asked his teacher a lot of strange questions. Most of them had nothing to do with his lessons. The teacher thought the boy was not bright and was not worth teaching. When he told this to Edison

托马斯·阿尔瓦·爱迪生（thomas alva edison，1847-1931）是位举世闻名的美利坚合众国电学家和发明家，他除了在留声机、电灯、电话、电报、电影等方面的发明和贡献以外，在矿业、建筑业、化工等领域也有不少著名的创造和真知灼见。爱迪生一生共有约两千项创造发明，为人类的文明和进步作出了巨大的贡献。 爱迪生同时也是一位伟大的企业家，他1890年组建的爱迪生通用电气公司（edison general electric company），其两个主体业务组成了大名鼎鼎的通用电气公司（ge）。 生平 爱迪生于1847年 2月11日诞生于美利坚合众国中西部的俄亥俄州(ohio)的米兰(milan)小市镇。父亲是荷兰人的后裔，母亲曾当过小学教师，是苏格兰人的后裔。爱迪生7岁时，父亲经营屋瓦生意亏本，将全家搬到密歇根州(michigan)休伦北郊的格拉蒂奥特堡定居下来。搬到这里不久，爱迪生就患了猩红热，病了很长时间，人们认为这种疾病是造成他耳聋的原因。爱迪生8岁上学，但仅仅读了三个月的书，就被老师斥为“低能儿”而撵出校门。从此以后，他的母亲是他的“家庭教师”。由于母亲的良好的教育方法，使得他对读书发生了浓厚的兴趣。“他不仅博览群书，而且一目十行，过目成诵”。8 岁时，他读了英国文艺复兴时期最重要的剧作家威廉·莎士比亚、狄更斯的著作和许多重要的历史书籍，到9 岁时，他能迅速读懂难度较大的书，如帕克的《自然与实验哲学》。10岁时酷爱化学。11岁那年，他实验了他的第一份电报。为了赚钱购买化学药品和设备，他开始了工作。12岁的时候，他获得列车上售报的工作，辗转于休伦港(port huron)和密歇根州的底特律(detroit)之间。他一边卖报，一边兼做水果、蔬菜生意，只要有空他就到图书馆看书。他买了一架旧印刷机，开始出版自己的周刊——《先驱报》，第一期周刊就是在列车上印刷的。他用所挣得的钱在行李车上建立了一个化学实验室。不幸有一次化学药品着火，他连同他的设备全被扔出车外。另外有一次，当爱迪生正力图登上一列货运列车时，一个列车员抓住他的两只耳朵助他上车。这一行动导致了爱迪生成为终身聋子。 1862年8月，爱迪生以大无畏的英雄气魄救出了一个在火车轨道上即将遇难的男孩。孩子的父亲对此感恩戴德，但由于无钱可以酬报，愿意教他电报技术。从此，爱迪生便和这个神秘的电的新世界发生了关系，踏上了科学的征途。 1863年，爱迪生担任大干线铁路斯特拉福特枢纽站电信报务员。从1864年至1867年，在中西部各地担任报务员，过着类似流浪的生活。足迹所至，包括斯特拉福特、艾德里安、韦恩堡、印第安那波利斯(indianapolis)、辛辛那提(connecticut)、那什维尔(nashville)、田纳西(tennessee)、孟斐斯(memphis)、路易斯维尔、休伦等地。 1868年，爱迪生以报务员的身份来到了波士顿(boston)。同年，他获得了第一项发明专利权。这是一台自动记录投票数的装置。爱迪生认为这台装置会加快国会的工作，它会受到欢迎的。然而，一位国会议员告诉他说，他们无意加快议程，有的时候慢慢地投票是出于政治上的需要。从此以后，爱迪生决定，再也不搞人们不需要的任何发明。 1869年6月初，他来到纽约(new york)寻找工作。当他在一家经纪人办公室等候召见时，一台电报机坏了。爱迪生是那里唯一的一个能修好电报机的人，于是他谋得了一个比他预期的更好的工作。10月他与波普一起成立一个“波普——爱迪生公司”，专门经营电气工程的科学仪器。在这里，他发明了“爱迪生普用印刷机”。他把这台印刷机献给华尔街一家大公司的经理，本想索价5000美元，但又缺乏勇气说出口来。于是他让经理给个价钱，而经理给了4万美元。 爱迪生用这笔钱在新泽西州(new jersey)纽瓦克市的沃德街建了一座工厂，专门制造各种电气机械。他通宵达旦地工作。他培养出许多能干的助手，同时，也巧遇了勤快的玛丽(mary stilwell)，他未来的第一个新娘。在纽瓦克，他做出了诸如蜡纸、油印机等的发明，从1872至1875年，爱迪生先后发明了二重、四重电报机，还协助别人搞成了世界上第一架英文打字机。 1876年春天，爱迪生又一次迁居，这次他迁到了新泽西州(new jersey)的“门罗公园”。他在这里建造了第一所“发明工厂”，它“标志着集体研究的开端”。1877年，爱迪生改进了早期由贝尔发明的电话，并使之投入了实际使用。他还发明了他心爱的一个项目——留声机。电话和电报“是扩展人类感官功能的一次革命”；留声机是改变人们生活的三大发明之一，“从发明的想象力来看，这是他极为重大的发明成就”。到这个时候，人们都称他为“门罗公园的魔术师”。 爱迪生在发明留声机的同时，经历无数次失败后终于对电灯的研究取得了突破，1879年10月22日，爱迪生点燃了第一盏真正有广泛实用价值的电灯。为了延长灯丝的寿命，他又重新试验，大约试用了6000多种纤维材料，才找到了新的发光体——日本竹丝，可持续1000多小时，达到了耐用的目的。从某一方面来说，这一发明是爱迪生一生中达到的登峰造极的成就。接着，他又创造一种供电系统，使远处的灯具能从中心发电站配电，这是一项重大的工艺成就。 他在纯科学上第一个发现出现于1883年。试验电灯时，他观察到他称之为爱迪生效应的现象：在点亮的灯泡内有电荷从热灯丝经过空间到达冷板。爱迪生在1884年申请了这项发现的专利，但并未进一步研究。而旁的科学家利用爱迪生效应发展了电子工业，尤其是无线电和电视。 爱迪生又企图为眼睛做出留声机为耳朵做出的事，电影摄影机即产生于此。使用一条乔治伊斯曼新发明的赛璐珞胶片，他拍下一系列照片，将它们迅速地、连续地放映到幕布上，产生出运动的幻觉。他第一次在实验室里试验电影是在1889年，1891年申请了专利。1903年，他的公司摄制了第一部故事片“列车抢劫”。爱迪生为电影业的组建和标准化做了大量工作。 1887年爱迪生把他的实验室迁往西奥兰治以后，为了他的多种发明制成产品和推销，他创办了许多商业性公司；这些公司后来合并为爱迪生通用电气公司，后又称为通用电气公司。此后，他的兴趣又转到荧光学、矿石捣碎机、铁的磁离法、蓄电池和铁路信号装置上。 第一次世界大战期间，他研制出鱼雷机械装置、喷火器和水底潜望镜。 1929年10月21日，在电灯发明50周年的时候，人们为爱迪生举行了盛大的庆祝会，德意志联邦共和国的阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦和法兰西共和国的居里夫人等著名科学家纷纷向他祝贺。不幸的是，就在这次庆祝大会上，当爱迪生致答辞的时候，由于过分激动，他突然昏厥过去。从此，他的身体每况愈下。1931年10月18日，这位为人类作过伟大贡献的科学家因病逝世，终年84岁。 爱迪生的文化程度极低，对人类的贡献却这么巨大，这里的“秘诀”是什么呢？他除了有一颗好奇的心，一种亲自试验的本能，就是他具有超乎常人的艰苦工作的无穷精力和果敢精神。当有人称爱迪生是个“天才”时，他却解释说：“天才就是百分之二的灵感加上百分之九十八的汗水。”他在“发明工厂”，把许多不同专业的人组织起来，里面有科学家、工程师、技术人员、工人共100多人，爱迪生的许多重大发明就是靠这个集体的力量才获得成功的。他的成就主要归功于他的勤奋和创造性才能以及集体的力量，此外，他的妻子也曾起了相当重要的作用。 爱迪生发明创造年表： 1868年10月11日发明“投票计数器”，获得生平第一项专利权。 1869年10月与友人合设“波普——爱迪生公司”。 1870年发明普用印刷机，出让专利权，获4万美元。在纽约克自设制造厂。 1872—1876年发明电动画机电报，自动复记电报法，二重、四重电报法，制造蜡纸炭质电阻器等。 1875年发明声波分析谐振器。 1876年在新泽西州的门罗公园建立了一个实验室——第一个工业研究实验室。它是现代的“研究小组”这一概念的创始。发明碳精棒送话器。申请电报自动记录机专利。 1877年在门罗公园改进了早期由贝尔发明的电话，并使之投入了实际使用。获得三项专利：穿孔笔、气动铁笔和普通铁笔。 8月20日发明了被证实为爱迪生心爱的一个项目——留声机。

Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) was an American inventor, scientist and businessman who developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. Dubbed "The Wizard of Menlo Park" by a newspaper reporter, he was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large teamwork to the process of invention, and therefore is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory. Edison is considered one of the most prolific inventors in history, holding 1,093 U.S. patents in his name, as well as many patents in the United Kingdom, France and Germany. He is credited with numerous inventions that contributed to mass communication and, in particular, telecommunications. His advanced work in these fields was an outgrowth of his early career as a telegraph operator. Edison originated the concept and implementation of electric-power generation and distribution to homes, businesses, and factories - a crucial development in the modern industrialized world. His first power plant was on Manhattan Island, New York. Thomas Edison was born in Milan, Ohio, and grew up in Port Huron, Michigan. He was the seventh and last child of Samuel "The Iron Shovel" Edison, Jr. (1804–1896) (born in Marshalltown, Nova Scotia, Canada) and Nancy Matthews Elliott (1810–1871). He considered himself to be of Dutch ancestry. In school, the young Edison's mind often wandered, and his teacher, the Reverend Engle, was overheard calling him "addled." This ended Edison's three months of official schooling. Edison recalled later, "My mother was the making of me. She was so true, so sure of me; and I felt I had something to live for, someone I must not disappoint." His mother then home schooled him.Much of his education came from reading R.G. Parker's School of Natural Philosophy and The Cooper Union. Edison developed hearing problems at an early age. The cause of his deafness has been attributed to a bout of scarlet fever during childhood and recurring untreated middle ear infections. Around the middle of his career Edison attributed the hearing loss to being struck on the ears by a train conductor when his chemical laboratory in a boxcar caught fire and he was thrown off the train in Smiths Creek, Michigan, along with his apparatus and chemicals. In his later years he modified the story to say the injury occurred when the conductor, in helping him onto a moving train, lifted him by the ears.Edison's family was forced to move to Port Huron, Michigan, when the railroad bypassed Milan in 1854,but his life there was bittersweet. He sold candy and newspapers on trains running from Port Huron to Detroit, as well as vegetables that he sold to supplement his income. This began Edison's long streak of entrepreneurial ventures as he discovered his talents as a businessman. These talents eventually led him to found 14 companies, including General Electric, which is still in existence, and one of the largest publicly traded companies in the world. Edison became a telegraph operator after he saved three-year-old Jimmie MacKenzie from being struck by a runaway train. Jimmie's father, station agent J.U. MacKenzie of Mount Clemens, Michigan, was so grateful that he trained Edison as a telegraph operator. Edison's first telegraphy job away from Port Huron was at Stratford Junction, Ontario, on the Grand Trunk Railway. In 1866, at the age of 19, Thomas Edison moved to Louisville, Kentucky, where, as an employee of Western Union, he worked the Associated Press bureau news wire. Edison requested the night shift, which allowed him plenty of time to spend at his two favorite pastimes—reading and experimenting. Eventually, the latter pre-occupation cost him his job. One night in 1867, he was working with a battery when he spilled sulfuric acid onto the floor. It ran between the floorboards and onto his boss's desk below. The next morning Edison was fired. One of his mentors during those early years was a fellow telegrapher and inventor named Franklin Leonard Pope, who allowed the impoverished youth to live and work in the basement of his Elizabeth, New Jersey home. Some of Edison's earliest inventions were related to telegraphy, including a stock ticker. His first patent was for the electric vote recorder, (U. S. Patent 90,646),which was granted on June 1, 1869.

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