桥梁工程英语翻译

Truss
The truss is a simple skeletal structure. In design theory, the individual members of a simple truss are only subject to tension and compression forces and not bending forces.

Thus, for the most part, all beams in a truss bridge are straight. Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances. In most cases the design, fabrication, and erection of trusses is relatively simple. However, once assembled trusses take up a greater amount of space and, in more complex structures, can serve as a distraction to drivers.

Like the girder bridges, there are both simple and continuous trusses. The small size of individual parts of a truss make it the ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped or where large cranes and heavy equipment cannot be used during erection. Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure, the roadway may pass over (illustration #2) or even through (illustration #1) the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types.

Trusses are also classified by the basic design used. The most representative trusses are the Warren truss, the Pratt truss, and the Howe truss. The Warren truss is perhaps the most common truss for both simple and continuous trusses. For smaller spans, no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look (illustration #1.) For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength (illustration #2.) Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 50-100m.

The Pratt truss (illustration #3) is identified by its diagonal members which, except for the very end ones, all slant down and in toward the center of the span. Except for those diagonal members near the center, all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces. This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economic design.

桁架
桁架是一个简单的骨骼结构。在设计理论，个别成员的一个简单的桁架是只受张力和压缩力，而不是弯曲的力量。

因此，在大多数情况下，所有光束在一桁梁桥是直线。桁架是由许多小束，连同可以支持大量的重量和跨度很大的距离。在大多数情况下，设计，制造，及安装桁架是相对简单的。然而，一旦组装桁架采取了一个更大的空间量，并在更复杂的结构，可以充当司机分心。

像梁桥，有既简单又连续桁架。规模小，个别部分桁架，使它成为理想的桥梁，为地方大型部件或路段不能发运或在大型起重机和重型设备不能使用期间，竖立广告牌。因为桁架是一个空洞的骨骼结构，巷道可通过以上（插图＃ 2 ）或什至通过（插图＃ 1 ）结构，让关下面的桥梁，往往不可能与其他桥型。

桁架也划分的基本设计使用。最具代表性的桁架是特拉斯，普拉特桁架，和豪桁架。该特拉斯也许是最常见的桁架既简单又连续桁架。为规模较小的跨度，没有垂直成员使用的贷款结构，一个简单的看看（插图＃ 1 ） 。更长的跨度垂直委员说，提供额外的力量（插图＃ 2 ） 。华伦桁架通常用于在跨之间的50百米。

该普拉特桁架（插图＃ 3 ）所确定的是其对角线的成员，除了非常年底，所有倾斜下来，在对中心的跨度。除了那些对角线委员中心附近，所有对角线的成员都受到张力的力量，而只有较短的垂直成员处理压缩力量。这使得为更薄的对角线成员，导致一个更经济的设计。

research is one of the most important aspects of scientific and engineering practice. a researcher usually works as a member of a team with other scientists and engineers. he or she is often employed in a laboratory that is financed by government or industry. areas of research connected with civil engineering include soil mechanics and soil stabilization techniques, and also the development and testing of new structural materials. 调查研究是科学技术其中最重要的一个方面。一名研究人员通常作为团队的一员，与其他科学家和工程师共同研究。他或她往往是受雇于某个实验室或研究所，其经费通常由政府或某个行业提供。研究领域涉及土木工程，包括土力学及土壤加固技术等，并涉及到结构新材料的开发和试验。 civil engineering projects are almost always unique; that is, each has its own problems and design features. therefore, careful study is given to each project even before design work begins. the study includes a survey both of topography and subsoil features of the proposed site. it also includes a consideration of possible alternatives, such as a concrete gravity dam or an earth-fill embankment dam. the economic factors involved in each of the possible alternatives must also be weighed. today, a study usually includes a consideration of the environmental impact of the project. many engineers, usually working as a team that includes surveyors, specialists in soil mechanics, and experts in design and construction, are involved in making these feasibility studies. 土木工程项目几乎都是独一无二的，也就是说，每一个都有其自身存在的问题和设计特点。因此，要认真研究每个特定的项目，甚至在设计工作开始前就开始研究。研究内容包括调查、测量拟定项目现场的地形和地下土质。还要考虑到可能的备选方案，比如是选择混凝土重力坝还是选择填土筑堤大坝。对于每个可选的方案都要衡量其牵涉到的经济因素。当前在研究中还要充分考虑该项目的建设对环境的影响。在做项目的可行性研究时，一个团队通常由许多专业的工程师组成，包括测量工程师，土力学专家，设计和施工专家等等。 many civil engineers, among them the top people in the field, work in design. as we have seen, civil engineers work on many different kinds of structures, so it is normal practice for an engineer to specialize in just one kind. in designing buildings, engineers often work as consultants to architectural or construction firms. dams, bridges, water supply systems, and other large projects ordinarily employ several engineers whose work is coordinated by a systems engineer who is in charge of the entire project. in many cases, engineers from other disciplines are involved. in a dam project, for example, electrical and mechanical engineers work on the design of the powerhouse and its equipment. in other cases, civil engineers are assigned to work on a project in another field; in the space program, for instance, civil engineers were necessary in the design and construction of such structures as launching pads and rocket storage facilities. 许多土木工程师参与设计工作，他们中间不乏行业内的顶尖专家。正如我们所看到的，土木工程师的工作牵涉到很多不同种类的建筑物，所以各行如隔山，每个领域都有其精通的专家，专门从事某一类研究。在建筑物的设计中，这些工程师往往担任某个建筑或安装公司的顾问。大坝，桥梁，供水系统，以及其他大型工程项目通常聘请一些工程师，他们的工作由一个负责整个项目的系统工程师统一协调管理。在很多情况下，其他专业领域的工程师也会参与到项目中。例如，在大坝项目中，电气及机械工程师会参与到发电厂房及动力设备的设计中去。另外土木工程师还会被安排到另一些领域区工作，如太空开发计划，在设计和建造一些结构如火箭发射架和储存设施时，土木工程师就有必要参与其中的设计和建设。 construction is a complicated process on almost all engineering projects, it involves scheduling the work and utilizing the equipment and the materials so that costs are kept as low as possible. safety factors must also be taken into account, since construction can be very dangerous. many civil engineers therefore specialize in the construction phase. 对于几乎所有的工程项目来说，施工都是一个极其复杂的过程，它涉及到工期的组织计划，设备和材料的合理使用，目的使建设成本越低越好。还必须考虑到安全因素，由于施工是很危险的。因此许多土木工程师专门深入研究施工阶段。 much of the work of civil engineers is carried on outdoors, often in rugged and difficult terrain or under dangerous conditions. surveying is an outdoor occupation, for example, and dams are often built in wild river valleys or gorges. bridges, tunnels, and skyscrapers under construction can also be dangerous places to work. in addition, the work must also progress under all kinds of weather conditions. 土木工程师的许多工作在户外进行的，他们常常在崎岖不平的复杂地形甚至危险情况下。测量也是一个室外专业，例如，大坝往往是建于激流河谷活峡谷中。桥梁，隧道，以及摩天大厦的施工场所也充满危险。此外，工程必须在不可避免的各种气候条件下进行。 the prospective civil engineer should be aware of the physical demands that will be made on him or her **. 未来的土木工程师们应该清醒意识到这种工作对他们（或她们）的体质要求。 god，终于搞完了！

如以上回答内容为低俗、色情、不良、暴力、侵权、涉及违法等信息，可以点下面链接进行举报！

点此我要举报以上问答信息