英语动词种类
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英语动词分类
表示人或事物的行为和状态的词叫动词
1.按动词在句中的作用,可分为:行为动词(实义动词) 系动词 助动词和情态动词
1)行为动词(实义动词)分为及物动词和不及物动词。及物动词有三个句型;“主语+及物动词+宾语”句型;“主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语”句型;“主语+及物动词+宾语+补语”句型。不及物动词不能接宾语,用于“主语+不及物动词(+状语)句型。这五个句型合起来称为简单句的五种句型。
HestudiesEnglish well.(Vt) Hestudieswell.(Vi)
及物动词后跟着宾语意思才完整。但很多动词既可作及物动词,又可作不及物动词。
2)连系动词: “主语+连系动词+表语”句型。一般副词不能当表语,但in, out, up等当表语。
常用的系动词可分三类:
(1表示事物特征和状态的系动词有be,feel,look,seem,sound,taste…
(2)表示由一种状态变为另一种状态的系动词有,go, become, grow, get, turn fall,come…
(3)表示保持某种状态的系动词有keep,stay…3)助动词:本身没有词义,要与连系动词或实义动词的原形或分词一起构成谓语动词的时态,语态,语气及否定,疑问和强调形式。助动词包括be, do, have, will, shall,would等的各种形式。
4)情态动词;情态动词表示说话人的某种情感或语气,对某一动作或状态的某种态度,认为可能、应当、必要等。(二)动名词 (
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非谓语动词、助动词。
他们的用法太多了,列不完,最好找本好的参考书。
助动词与情态动词
助动词有be, have, do, will, shall。它们本身没有词义,只和实义动词的一定形式构成复合谓语,用来表示时态和语态,构成否定、疑问及加强语气等。
1、be (am, is, are, were, been)
(l)“be + -ing”构成进行时态;(2)“be + 过去分词”构成被动语态;(3)“be + 动词不定式”构成复合谓语:①表示按计划安排要发生的事。the prime minister is to visit japan next year. 总理将于明年访问日本。② 用于命令。you're to do your homework before you watch tv.你得做完了作业才能看电视。
2、have (has, had)
(1)“have+过去分词”构成完成时态。如:have you seen the film ? (2)“have been + -ing”构成完成进行时态。如:what have you been doing these days? 这些日子你一直在干什么?
3、do (does, did)
(1)“do not + 动词原形”构成行为动词的否定式。如:his brother doesn’t like playing basket.;(2)“do + 主语 + 动词原形”构成行为动词的一般疑问句。does he go to school by bike every day? (3)“do + 动词原形”用于祈使句或陈述句中表示加强语气。如:i did go to see him, but he wasn’t in我确实去看望他了,但他不在家。do do some work. 请一定做点什么;(4)代替前面刚出现的动词以避免重复。my mother told me to go to bed early. so i did.
4.will, shall (would, should)
“will (shall+动词原形”构成一般将来时,一般来说shall用于第一人称,will用于第二人称或第三人称,口语中常用will代替shll,如:we will have a meeting to discuss the problem.
(二)情态动词
情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度,可以表示“可能”、“可以”、“需要”、“必须”或“应当”等之意。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。但不能单独作谓语动词用,必须和不带to的不定式连用构成谓语动词。只有情态动词ought要和带to的动词不定式连用,在句中作谓语用。
将情态动词置于主语之前即构成其疑问式,在情态动词之后加not既构成其否定式。现将各情态动词的基本用法分述如下:
1、can和could (could为can的过去式) 的基本用法
(1)表示能力,如:he can speak english better than you. (2)在疑问句和否定句中表示“怀疑”、“猜测”或“可能性”,如:can this green bike be liu dong's? (3)表示“许可”时can可以和may换用,如:you can (may) go home now. (4)如果要表示语气婉转,可用could代替can,这时could不再是can的过去式,如:could you come again tomorrow? (5)can和be able to都可表示能力,两者在意思上没有什么区别。但是can只能有现在式和过去式,而be able to则有更多的形式,如:he will be able to do the work better.
2、may和might (might为may的过去式)的基本用法
(1)表示允许或征询对方许可,有“可以”之意,如:you may use my dictionary. 在回答对方说“可以做某事”或“不可以做某事”时,一般多不用may或 may not,以避免语气生硬或不容气。而用比较婉转的说法进行回答。如:---- may i use this dictionary? ---- yes, please. 或 ---- certainly. 在请求对方许可时,如果might i…? 就比用may i…? 语气更婉转些,如:may i have a look at your new computer? 但是表示“阻止”或“禁止”对方做某事时,要用must not代替may not,如:---- may we swim in this lake? ---- no, you mustn’t. it’s too dangerous. (2)may或 might都可以表示可能性,表示“或许”、“可能”之意,如果用might表示可能性,则语气更加不肯定,如:they may (might) be in the library now .
3、must的基本用法
(1)must表示“必须”、“应该”之意,其否定式 must not,缩写形式为 mustn't,表示“不应该”,“不准”、“不许可”或“禁止”之意,如:we must study hard and make progress every day. you mustn't touch the fire. (2)对以must提出的疑问句,如作否定回答时,要用needn't或用don't (doesn't) have to (不 必)来回答,而不用mustn't,因为mustn't表示的是“禁止”或“不许可”之意,如:---- must we finish the work tomorrow? ---- no, you needn't (don't have to), but you must finish it in three days. (3)在肯定句中must可以表示推测,表示“一定”或“必定”之意,如:---- whose new bike can it be? ---- it must be liu dong's. i know his father has just bought him a new one.
4、can, could, may, must后接完成式的用法
(1)can, could后接完成式的用法:①在否定句或疑问句中表示对过去发生过的事情的“怀疑”或“不肯定”的态度,could he have said so? ②在肯定句中,可以表示过去可能做到而实际并没做到的事情,有“劝告”或“责备”的语气。如:---- when did you answer her letter? ---- only yesterday. ---- it's too late. you could have answered it earlier, i am sure. (2)may, might后接完成式的用法 ①表示对过去某事的推测,认为某一件事情在过去可能发生了。如果使用might,语气就比较婉转或更加不肯定,如:mary might have learned some chinese before. ②可以表示过去本来可以做到而实 际没有做到的事情,有“劝告”或“责备”的语气,如:you didn't do the work well that day. you might have done it better. (3)must后接完成式的用法:表示对过去某事的推测,认为某事在过去一定做到 了,如:liu dong isn’t in the classroom. he must have gone to the library.
5、have to 的基本用法:have to和must的意义相近,只是 must侧重表示说话人的主观看法,而have to 则表示客观需要,如:i must study hard. i had to give it up because of illness.
6、ought to的基本用法
(l)表示根据某种义务或必要“应当”做某事,语气比should强,例如:everyone ought to obey the traffic regulations. (2)表示推测,注意与must表示推测时的区别:he must be home by now .(断定他已到家),he ought to be home by now .(不十分肯定),this is where the oil must be.(比较直率) ,this is where the oil ought to be. (比较含蓄) ;(3)“ought + have+ 过去分词”表示过去应做某事而 实际未做。例如:you ought to have helped him. (but you didn’t) 这时,ought与 should可以互相换用。注意,在美国英语中ought to 用于否定和疑问句时to可以省略。例如:ought you smoke so much? you oughtn’t smoke so much.
7、dare的基本用法
(l)dare (dared为其过去式) 作情态动词用时,主要用于否定句,疑问句和条件从句中,如:dared he bread the traffic regulations again? (2)在现代英语中dare常用作行为动词,其变化与一般行为动词相同,如:she dares to stay at home alone at night.
8、need的基本用法
(1)need作情态动词用时,主要用于否定句和疑问句中,如:he needn't worry about us now. (2)need也可作为行为动词用,可用于肯定句,否定句和疑问句中,其后可接名词、代词、动名词或带 to 的动词不定式为其宾语。如:you need to practise reading aloud every day. (3)needn't后接完成式可以表示过去做了一件本来不必要做的事情,如:---- did you answer the letter yesterday? ---- yes, i did. ---- but you needn’t have answered it.
9、shall的基本用法
(1)shall用作情态动词时,用于第二、三人称,表示说活人的意愿,可表示“命令”、“警告”、“强制”、“威胁”或“允诺”等意,如:he shall go first, whether he wants to or not. (2)在疑问句中,shall用于第一、三人称,表示说话人的征询对方意见或请求指示,如:shall i open the door?
10、should的基本用法
(1)should作为情态动词可以表示“建议”或“劝告”,有“应该”之意,如:you should learn from each other. (2)should后接完成式表示过去没有做到本来应该做的事情,或是做了本来不应该做的事情。如:you should have give him more help.
11、will的基本用法
(1)用于各人称,可以表示“意志”或“决心”,如:i have told him again and again to stop smoking, but he will not listen. (2)在疑问句中用于第二人称,表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问对方的意愿,如:will you please tell me how to get to the capital gymnasium? (3)will可以表示一种习惯性的动作,有“总是”或“会要”之意,如:every morning he will have a walk along this river.
12、would的基本用法
(1)would作为will的过去式,可用于各人称,表示过去时间的“意志”或“决心”,如:he promised he would never smoke again. (2)在疑问句中,用于第二人称,表示说话人向对方提出请求或许问对方的意愿时,比用will的气更加婉转,如:would you like some more coffee? (3)在日常生活中,学用“i would like to…”表示“我想要”或“我愿意”之意,以使语气婉转,如:i would like to do ex.2 first. (4)would可以表示过去的习惯动作,比used to正式,并没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。如:last year our english teacher would sometimes tell us stories in english after class. / during the vacation he would visit me every week. (5)表料想或猜想,如:it would be about ten when he left home./ what would she be doing there?/ i thought he would have told you about it.
13、used to, had better, would rather的用法
(1)used to表示过去的习惯动作或状态,现在已不存在,在间接引语中,其形式可不变,例如:he told us he used to play foot ball when he was young. 在疑问句、否定句、否定疑问句或强调句中,可有两种形式。疑问句:did you use to/ used you to go to the same school as your brother? 否定句:i usedn’t to / didn’t use to go there. (usedn’t 也可写作usen’t);否定疑问句:usen’t you to/ didn’t you use to be interested in the theatre? 强调句:i certainly used to/ did use to smoke, but it was a long time ago.;其反意疑问句或简略回答中,也有两种形式:she used to be very fat. didn’t she?/ use(d)n’t she? did you use to play chess? yes, i did./ used you to get up early in the morning? yes, i did./ used to. (2)had better意为“最好”,后接不带to的不定式,例如:---- we had better go now . ---- yes, we had (we'd better/ we had better)./ hadn’t we better stop now? (had we better not stop now?)/ i think i’d better be going. (用于进行时态,表“最好立即”)/ you had better have done that (用于完成时态,表未完成动作) 注:had better用于同辈或小辈,对长辈不可用。(3)would rather意为“宁愿”,表选择,后接不带to的不定式,例如:i’d rather not say anything./ would you rather work on a farm?/ ---- wouldn’t you rather stay here? ---- no, i would not. i’d rather go there. 由于would rather表选择,因 而后可接than,例如:i would rather work on a farm than in a factory. / i would rather watch tv than go to see the film/ i would rather lose a dozen cherry trees than that you should tell me one lie./ i’d rather you didn’t talk about this to anyone. (句中的 'd rather不是情态动词,would 在此是表愿望的实义动词)