定语及定语从句是？以及其用法？
- 提问者网友：献世佛
- 2021-06-01 14:28
- 五星知识达人网友：往事埋风中
- 2021-06-01 14:40
The White House is the house where the president of the United States lives and works．
白宫是美国总统居住和工作的地方。
（house是先行词，where是关系副词，在从句中作状语）
The letter that I received yesterday was from Mary．
我昨天收到的那封信是玛丽寄来的。
（that是关系代词，代表先行词letter，在从句中作宾语）
一、关系代词的用法：
1、who指人，在从句中作主语。如：
The teacher who teaches us English is from Australia．
教我们英语的老师是澳大利亚人。
Those who want to go to the Summer
Palace must get up early tomorrow．
想去颐和园的朋友们明天要早起床。
2、whom指人，在从句中作宾语，在口语及非正式文体中常省略。如：
The great artist（whom）you want to see is coming．
你要见的那位艺术家就要来了。
The little girl（whom） I spoke to just now is Henry's sister．
我刚才与她说话的那个小姑娘是亨利的妹妹。
3、whose多指人，也可指物，在从句中作定语。如：
The book whose cover is off is mine．
掉了封面的那本书是我的。
This is the boy whose father is a headmaster．
这就是那个爸爸是校长的男孩。
4、that多指物，有时也指人，在从句中作主语或宾语，有时作表语。作宾语时常省略。如：
The plane that just left is for Paris．
刚飞走的那班飞机是飞往巴黎的。（作主语，指物）
Who is the man that is standing at the gate？
站在大门口的那个人是谁？（作主语，指人）
I lost the coat（that）I bought last week．
我丢了上周刚买的那件外套。（作宾语，指物）
He is no longer the man that he was．
他已经不是过去的他了。（作表语，指人）
5、which指物，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常省略。如：
Iwantto buy a book which is written in Russian．
我想买本俄文书。（作主语）
The news（which）Jack told me is true．
杰克告诉我的那个消息是真的。（作宾语）
6、as指人或事物，在从句中作宾语，有时作主语或表语，常用于“the same（adj．）＋名词＋as或such（adj．）＋名词＋as”等结构中及先行词是代词such或 same的情况下。如：
I had the same trouble as you（had）．
我的麻烦和你的一样。（指事物，作宾语）
He is not such a fool as he looks．
他并不像看上去那样傻。（指人，作表语）
Let children read such books as will make them better and wiser．
让孩子们读那些使他们聪明向上的书。（指物，作主语）
二、关系副词的用法：关系副词在从句中作状语，其作用相当于介词短语。
1、when表示时间，在从句中通常作时间状语。如：
The days when we were poor are gone forever．
我们受穷的日子一去不复返了。
I will never forget the day when we parted．
我永远不会忘记我们分手的那一天。
2、where表示地点，在从句中通常作地点状语。如：
Great changes have taken place in the city where she was born．
她出生的那个城市已经发生了巨大的变化。
This is the place where the accident happened．
这就是出事地点。
3、why表示原因，在从句中作原因状语，其先行词只有reason一词。如：
Do you know the reason why it is so hot this summer？
你知道今年夏天这么热的原因吗？
The reason why they changed the plan is unknown．
他们改变计划的原因并不清楚。
- 1楼网友：风格不统一
- 2021-06-01 16:02
定语和定语从句
I.主语和谓语一致
1、关系代词在定语从句中主语，其谓语动词与先行词保持一致。例如：
The boy who is standing at the door is my son.
2、在one of the +复数名词+定语从句”结构中，复数名词是先行词，关系代词在定语从句中作主语，其谓语动词用复数形式。例如：
This is one of the best books that have ever been written on the subject.
3、在“the only one of the +复数名词+定语从句”结构中，one 是先行词，关系代词在定语从句中作主语，其谓语动词用单数。例如：
This is the only one of the best books that has ever been written on the subject.
II.关系代词的省略
在限制性定语从句中，关系代词在定语从句中作主语时不能省略；作宾语时在口语中可以省略。在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词不能省略。例如：
A plane is a machine that can fly.
The finger (that )I put into my mouth was not the one (that)I had dipped into the cup.
Abraham Lincoln, who led the United States through these years, was shot on April 14,1865.
His mother, whom he loved dearly, died in 1818.
III. 正确使用that 和which
1、that 指物，有时也可以指人,which 指物，不能指人。Which 可以引导非限制性定语从句，也可以放在介词后面，that 则不能。 例如：
Who is the man that is reading the newspaper?(正)
Who is the man which is reading the newspaper?（误）
The room in which she lives is a large one.（正）
The room in that she lives is a large one.（误）
2、先行词前面有形容词最高级，序数词next, last, very, any, little, no 等修饰时，用that 不用which引导定语从句。例如：
This is the best film that I have seen.（正）
This is the best film which I have seen.（误）
3、先行词是all, much, little, none等时，用that而不用which引导定语从句。例如：
That’s all that I want to say.（正）
That’s all which want to say.（误）
4、先行词是不定代词something, anything, anything, everything时，一般用that而不用which引导定语从句。例如：
Is there anything that you want in this shop?（正）
Is there anything which you want in this shop?（误）
注：当something表示具体的事物，重要的东西，重要的人物等确定意义时，它是名词，关系代词用that 或which均可。例如：
There was the mysterious something which/that they had worked so hard to find: radium.
5、先行词是人和物时，要用that 而不用which/who引导定语从句。例如：
He talked about some writers and books that were unknown to us all. （正）
He talked about some writers and books which/who were unknown to us all.（误）
6、先行词本身是that 时，一般用which引导定语从句。例如：
The predicate is that which is said of the subject.
7、在who开头的疑问句中，若还要用关系代词引导定语从句时，用that引导定语从句。例如：
Who is the girl that is singing in the hall?
8、当关系词后面有插入语时用which引导定语从句。例如：
Here is the English grammar book which, as I have told you, will help to improve your English.
IV.定语从句要用关系词引导。
例如：
I have three friends, none of whom can speak French.（正）
I have three friends, none of them can speak French.（误）
注：若把逗号“，”改为分号“；”误句也就变为正确的句子了。
V.先行词受such, the same 修饰时，通常用as 引导定语从句。
例如：
This is not such a book as I want.
This is the same book as I want.
试比较：the same…as 与the same …that
This is the same knife as I lost.这把刀跟我丢的是一模一样的。（两把刀）
This is the same knife that I lost.这把刀就是我丢的。（一把刀）
VI. as和which指整个主句的内容，引导非限制性定语从句的区别。
as和which指整个主句的内容，引导非限制性定语从句有时可以通用。as引导的定语从句可以位于句首、句中或句末；which 引导的定于从句一般只位于句末。as引导的定语从句常与know, see, report, say, expect, announce等动词连用；which引导的这类定语从句时常作实意动词的主语，当它引导的从句与主句之间含有并列关系或结果关系时，一般用which。例如：
As we all know ,China is a country with a long history.
China is a country with a long history, as is known to us all.
Tom did not pass the exam, which made his mother very angry.
VII.用关系代词还是关系副词
先行词是表时时间、地点、原因的名词，引导定语从句是用关系副词还是用关系代词，关键在于关系词在从句中充当的成分。如果充当状语，就用关系副词引导定与从句；如果充当主语或宾语，则用关系代词。例如：
This is the school where Mr Cheng works.
This is the school that Mr Cheng set up ten years ago.
I will never forget the day when I joined the Party.
I will never forget the day that I spent with Mr Isaak.
That was the reason that he gave me yesterday.
That was the reason why he gave me a note yesterday.
注：1 关系副词一般可以改为“介词+which”。例如：
The reason why/for which I didn’t come this morning is that it rained hard.
October, 1st 1949 was the day when/on which the Peoples Republic of China was founded.
This was the city where /in which he was taken away by the enemy.
注：2 why 不能引导非限制性定语从句。
注：3 关系代词that 有一种特殊的用法。That 在限制性定语从句中可以作状语，表示时间、地点、原因和方式,代替when , where, why,或“介词+which”。例如：
We will never forget the year that(= when)SARS broke out in China.
That is the place that(=where)the health workers fought against SARS.
This was the reason that(=why)there were over 2000 SARS cases in Beijing.
That was the way that (=in which) we fought against SARS.
注：4 from where中的where 为关系代词。例如：
He stood near the north window, from where he could see the whole garden.
He climbed up to the top of the temple, from where he could see nothing but trees.
定语和定语从句的考察重点
、定语 定语是句子成分之一，可以由单词、短语或从句担当，对名（代）词修饰和限制。名（代）词称为中心词。 形容词作定语一般前置，短语和从句作定语要后置，翻译成“……的”。另外名词、数词、非谓语动词（短语）、介词短语也可以担当定语。例如： a beautiful girl （形容词作前置定语）一个美丽的女孩 a girl in white （介词短语作后置定语）一个穿白色衣服的女孩 a girl who is singing （定语从句，a girl为先行词）一个正唱歌的女孩 定语有限制性和非限制性之分。对中心词来说必不可少的定语叫限制性定语，一般不用逗号将两者分隔；只起补充说明，用逗号隔开的定语叫非限制性定语。 She had many red pencils .(red 作限制性定语) 她有许多红铅笔。 She had many pencils , red .(red作非限制性定语) 她有许多铅笔，是红的。 高考“定语”考点：①名词作定语；②不定式作定语；③多个形容词作定语的排列；④定语后置。 【高考衔接】 1. (NMET 1993)He dropped the ______ and broke it . A. cup of coffee B. cup for coffee C. coffee’s cup D. coffee cup 2. (NMET 2001 )The _______ is just around the corner and you won’t miss it . A. bicycle’s shop B. bicycle shop C. bicycles shop D. bicycle’s shop 3. (1999 上海) There are five pairs of shoes ______ , but I’m at a loss which to buy . A. to be chosen B. to choose from C. to choose D. for choosing 4. (NMET1997)--- How was your recent visit to Qingdao ? --- It was great . We visited some friend , and spent the _____ days at the seaside. A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last 5. (NMET 1998)If I had ______ , I’d visit Europe , stopping at all the small interesting places . A. a long enough holiday B. an enough long holiday C. a holiday enough long D. a long holiday enough 6. (NMET2000)_____ to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills . A. Brave enough students B. Enough brave students C. Students brave enough D. Students enough brave 7. I’d like you to give me ______ to read A. different nothing B. something different C. different anything D. anything different 【答案与分析】1-2.D;B名词修饰名词。例如apple tree, door bell , church yard , shoe factory , cotton production , art works ; school gate , party member ; letter box 等。3.B不及物动词不定式作后置定语不能忽略介词。4.B几个形容词同时修饰一个名词的排列顺序：限定性的+数量的+描述性+度量+形状+新旧年龄+颜色+国家来源出处+材料质地，例如that pretty little old white house ; his interesting new history book。5-6A;C.考查enough用法。7. B 形容词修饰不定代词-thing要后置。 二、定语从句 ⊙概述 定语从句是定语的一种特殊形式，定语从句中的中心词叫做先行词。形容词常作定语，因此定语从句又称形容词性从句。定语从句也有限制性和非限制性之分，注意两种形式的翻译。例如： I still remember the day when we went out for a picnic . .(限制性定语从句) 至今我仍记得我们一起外出野餐的那一天。 This pupil studies very well , whose father feels glad .（非限制性定语从句） 这位小学生学习不错， 他的爸爸感到挺高兴。 ⊙重点 ①关系词的选择。主要是：which和that区别；as和which用法；介词+关系词。 ②关系代词的省略。 ③定语从句和其他句型区别。 在复习过程中树立辨证、全面的观点，由普遍到特殊，结合具体语境发散思维。切忌死背语法条目，只记特殊情况，忽略一般情况，形成思维定势。例如： 1. ---Look ! My name is on the bag . --- Yes . I think this is the same bag _____ you lost yesterday . A. as B. that C. like D. who 2. (2002 上海春季) Is this the reason _____ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work ? A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he explained 【答案与分析】如果认为the same修饰的先行词后用as，reason后面用why，两个题目必错无疑。1. B根据上下语境，指“同一个包”，并非同类。2. A the reason在定语从句中作宾语。 ⊙典型错误 书面表达使用定语从句常出现下列错误：①成分多余或缺失；②从句主谓不一致；③关系词误用或搭配错误；④与其他句型混淆。 单句改错 1. The boy I helped him that day isn’t good at English . 2. Who is the soldier gave us a speech last month ? 3. I , who is in Australia , feel proud of being a Chinese . 4. All what she could do was to go to church . 5. The building which roof we can see is a school . 6. The girl failed in the exam , that made us disappointed . 7. I still remember the house which I lived when I was a child . 8. They talked an hour things and persons who they remembered . 9. Is this factory where he works ? 10. The citizens welcomed the new mayor , most of who are workers . 【答案与分析】1、删除him，如果使用关系代词可在I 前加that/who/whom；2、在gave前加that。注意关系代词作主语不能省略，为避免歧义，本句不能使用who；3、is改为am，应根据先行词确定谓语动词的形式；4、有2种改正方式：①删除all，句子为主语从句；②删除what或者把what改为that。5、有2种改正方式：①误用关系代词which，表示所有关系，关系代词作定语要用whose；②在which前后分别加of和the。6、that改为which或as，两者可以代替整个句子。位于句首只能用as，即As made us disappointed ，the girl failed in the exam .7、①which改为where；②lived后面加in，此时which还可that或省略；③which前加in。8、①删除who；②将who改为that，先行词既指人又指物，使用that。想一想：还有哪些情况只用that而不用which？9、this factory为主语，不是先行词，可where前加the one； 10、who改为whom，其它改法参考