英语中的定语从句
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定语从句用法 1.在整个句子中充当形容词作用的从句是定语从句。 2.定语从句可修饰人或物，用who，which，that等关系代词连接。 The teacher blamed the boy that broke the window. 老师责备了打坏窗子的男孩。（that broke the window是定语从句，修饰the boy。） He was reading a book which was written by Mark Twain. 他在读一本马克吐温写的书。（which was written by Mark Twain是定语从句，修饰a book。） 3.whose可用来代替物主代词，用在定语从句中。 He is the man whose son won the prize. 他就是儿子赢得奖金的那个人。（whose son won the prize是定语从句，修饰the man。） This is the house whose windows are always closed. 这就是窗户总是关着的那间房子。 4.when用在定语从句中，限定时间。 1896 is the year when the earthquake took place. 1896年是地震发生的那一年。 5.where用在定语从句中，限定地点。 This is the place where I grew up. 这就是我长大的地方。 6.for which，why用在定语从句中，表示原因。【参见关系代词，关系副词】 That is the reason why he dislikes me. 这就是他不喜欢我的原因。 That is the reason for which he dislikes me. 这就是他不喜欢我的原因。
定语从句是高中英语语法的主要内容之一，是一种常用常考的从句类型，高考对定语从句的考察主要集中在如何确定引导词的问题上。
例：I work in a school which was built 50 years ago.
解析：句意为“我在一个建于50年前的学校工作。”这个例句从不同的角度反映了定语从句的有关问题。
1. 确定定语从句
确定定语从句有两个要素，一是确定从句，二是确定从句为定语。“which was built 50 years ago”是从句，因为有谓语动词结构was built和引导词which。从句意看，这个从句修饰名词school，即“被建于50年前的学校”，修饰名词的成分是定语，所以这是一个定语从句。
2. 先行词
被定语从句修饰的名词称为先行词，句中which引导的定语从句修饰前面的名词school，school即为定语从句的先行词。没有先行词就没有定语从句，因为没有了先行词定语从句就没有了存在的意义。“有先行词”是定语从句区别于其他从句的形式特点，这是确定从句为定语从句的一个技巧。
3. 定语从句的位置
which引导的定语从句在先行词school的后面，这是定语从句通常的位置，事实上，短语和从句作定语通常要放在被修饰的名词的后面，“后置”是英语定语区别于汉语定语的一个显著特征。如在a friend of mine（我的一个朋友）中，of mine修饰friend。只有单词作定语才放到被修饰的名词前面，如my friend中，my修饰friend。
4. 引导词作从句的成分
which代指先行词school，作定语从句的主语，was built为谓语动词，这是一个主谓结构的句子，使用了一般过去时被动语态。定语从句的所有引导词都有含义，都是从句的一个成分，这是定语从句的引导词和其他从句的引导词有所区别的地方。
5. 引导词的省略
引导词如果是定语从句的宾语，则可以省略。本句中因which为定语从句的主语，故不可省略。（注：有关定语从句引导词的省略本章下文中有详细论述）
6. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
定语从句一般紧跟先行词，先行词与从句之间没有逗号，这类定语从句称为限制性定语从句；如定语从句前有逗号与先行词隔开，则称为非限制性定语从句。非限制性定语从句不能使用that引导。
通过对这个例句的解读可以发现，定语从句有其区别于其他从句的特别之处，但作为从句也具有各种从句的共同特点：有引导词，陈述句语序，是句子，至少有主语和谓语动词两个成分。
如何选择定语从句的引导词?
一、定语从句的引导词有关系代词who， whom，whose，which，that， as；关系副词when， where，why。定语从句中引导词的选用主要看先行词在定语从句中作什么成分或者是定语从句中缺什么成分。
1．定语从句中缺主语，修饰人时用who ／that，修饰物时用which ／that引导。如：
Is this the factory which ／that makes TV sets？
The man who ／that visited our school is from Australia．
2．从句中缺宾语，修饰人时用 who ／whom ／that或省略引导词；修饰物时用which ／that或省略引导词。如：
Gone are the days which ／that we spent together in the village．
He is the man who ／whom ／that I think to be worthy of our praise．
3．从句中缺时间状语，用when或介词＋which引导。如：
The day finally came when ／on which I was given a job．
Te'll put off the outing until next week，when we won't be so busy．
4．从句中缺地点状语，用where或介词＋which引导。如：
Please put the letter on the desk where ／on which he can easily find it．
5．从句中缺原因状语或先行词是 reason时，引导词用why ／for which ／ that。如：
This is the reason why ／for which ／ that he didn't come to the meeting．
6．从句中缺定语，人和物都用 whose引导。如：
A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan．
Please pass me the dictionary whose cover is black．
7．当先行词是way时，其定语从句的引导词用in which ／that。如：
The way in which ／that he looks at problems is wrong．
二、引导词as可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句。
1．在固定词组the same．．．as，such．．．as中，as引导限制性定语从句。如：
He is not such a fool as he looks．
I've bought the same dress as she is wearing．
2．当先行词是整个主句时，可用 as ／which引导非限制性定语从句。引导词as和which的区别在于：
①as引导的非限制性定语从句可放于主句前、主句中、主句后，而which引导的非限制性定语从句一般放于主句后或句中。
②as常与从句中的know，see， hear，expect等动词连用，也常用于as often happens，as is often the case（常有的事）等句子中；而which一般不用于以上情况。
③as有“正如”的含义，which没有此含义。如：
As is well known，Shanghai is a big city．
Some of the roads were flooded， which made our journey more difficult．
三、关系代词who，whom，whose， which和as能引导非限制性定语从句，而that不能；非限制性定语从句中即使缺宾语，引导词也不能省略；关系副词when，where能引导非限制性定语从句，而why不能。如：
Abraham Lincoln，who led the United States through the Civil War years，was shot on April 14，1865．
四、先行词是物时，其引导词可用 which也可用that，通常情况下二者可互换，但在有些情况下不能。
1．用which不用that引导定语从句的三种情况：
非限制性定语从句用which，不用that引导。如：
Football，which is a very interesting game，is played all over the world．
②先行词为that时，为了避免重
复，定语从句用which不用that引导。如：
That which you borrowed from me wasn't a real diamond necklace．
③介词后用which不用that引导。如：
The method with which you solved the problem is very good．
2．用that不用which的七种情况：
①先行词前有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时，用 that不用which引导。如：
This is the best place that I have ever visited．
The second question that is asked is why we don't fall off the earth．
②先行词为little，much，all，none，few，（the）one， something，everything，nothing，anything等不定代词时，用that引导。如：
There is nothing in the world that can frighten him．
③先行词既有指人的名词又有指物的名词时，用 that引导。如：
He told us about the people and the cities that he had visited．
④先行词前有any，all，no，few，every，some，little， much，（the）very，（the）only，（the）last等词修饰时，用 that引导。如：
This is the very coat that I need．
Is oxygen the only gas that helps fire burn？
⑤先行词为which时，为了避免重复，用that引导。如：
Which is the book that you bought yesterday？
⑥先行词在从句中作表语时，常用that引导。如：
Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be in the 1930's．
⑦当主句是There be．．．句型时，用that引导。
There are two tickets for the film that are for you two．
五、在“one of＋复数名词＋定语从句”结构中，从句的谓语动词应与复数名词保持一致；当one前有the only修饰时，从句的谓语动词应与the only one保持一致。如：
He was one of the students who were late for class．
He was the only one of the students who was late for class．
六、引导词前有介词或短语介词时，修饰人只能用 whom，修饰物只能用which引导。如：
My glasses，without which I was like a blind man， fell to the ground and broke．
The man，by whom the wolf was shot，is called Jackson．