Decision-making under Stress　　A new review based on a research shows that acute stress aff

Decision-making under Stress
　　A new review based on a research shows that acute stress affects the way the brain considers the advantages and disadvantages, causing it to focus on pleasure and ignore the possible negative (负面的) consequences of a decision.
　　The research suggests that stress may change the way people make choices in predictable ways.
　　“Stress affects how people learn,” says Professor Mara Mather. “People learn better about positive than negative outcomes under stress.”
　　For example, two recent studies looked at how people learned to connect images(影像) with either rewards or punishments. In one experiment, some of the participants were first stressed by having to give a speech and do difficult math problems in front of an audience; in the other, some were stressed by having to keep their hands in ice water. In both cases, the stressed participants remembered the rewarded material more accurately and the punished material less accurately than those who hadn’t gone through the stress.
　　This phenomenon is likely not surprising to anyone who has tried to resist eating cookies or smoking a cigarette while under stress –at those moments, only the pleasure associated with such activities comes to mind. But the findings further suggest that stress may bring about a double effect. Not only are rewarding experiences remembered better, but negative consequences are also easily recalled.
　　The research also found that stress appears to affect decision-making differently in men and women. While both men and women tend to focus on rewards and less on consequences under stress, their responses to risk turn out to be different.
　　Men who had been stressed by the cold-water task tended to take more risks in the experiment while women responded in the opposite way. In stressful situations in which risk-taking can pay off big, men may tend to do better, when caution weighs more, however, women will win.
　　This tendency to slow down and become more cautious when decisions are risky might also help explain why women are less likely to become addicted than men: they may more often avoid making the risky choices that eventually harden into addiction.
【小题1】We can learn from the passage that people under pressure tend to .A．keep rewards better in their memoryB．recall consequences more effortlesslyC．make risky decisions more frequentlyD．learn a subject more effectively【小题2】According to the research, stress affects people most probably in their .A．ways of making choicesB．preference for pleasureC．tolerance of punishmentsD．responses to suggestions【小题3】The research has proved that in a stressful situation, .A．women find it easier to fall into certain habitsB．men have a greater tendency to slow downC．women focus more on outcomesD．men are more likely to take risksA

(答案→)A 解析：本文讲述的是压力对人们不好的影响，可能改变人们做出决定的方式，让人更多的集中于事情好的一方面而不是负面的内容。【小题1】A 推理题。根据第一段最后一句causing it to focus on pleasure and ignore the possible negative (负面的) consequences of a decision.说明在压力之下人们更可能聚焦于快乐的事情而不是负面的结果，故他们更容易记住记忆里好的事情，A正确。【小题2】A 细节题。根据文章第二段　The research suggests that stress may change the way people make choices in predictable ways.说明压力可以改变人们做出决定的方式。故A正确。【小题3】D 细节题。根据文章倒数第二段In stressful situations in which risk-taking can pay off big, men may tend to do better, when caution weighs more, however, women will win.说明男性更可能去冒险。故D正确。

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